Microsoft founder Bill Gates has warned that emergency cutoffs for artificial intelligence – the so-called “kill switch” – are not enough on their own.

The billionaire philanthropist argued that internal monitoring and built-in safety mechanisms are far more critical than emergency shut-off tools.

“It’s not enough to have a kill switch,” Gates told NBC’s “Meet the Press” Sunday. “I would never want to say I’m against a kill switch. But when you’re trying to moderate the bad behavior, you need insight and records of what’s being done.”

Gates dismissed concerns that AI safety rules would slow U.S. tech companies down, directly responding to President Donald Trump’s stance that government regulation would handicap American innovation in its race against China.

“What he said is fine,” Gates said, referring to Trump. “But I think after he hears from me and other people, including that this does not handicap us in whatever he thinks the nation-state race is, that, you know, we will come to a consensus.”

Gates urged Washington to mandate active tracking of models’ behavior within labs, adding that regulating AI could prove harder than Cold War nuclear treaty negotiations.

“This is more difficult than that was,” he noted.

Gates said the most pressing threat comes from bad actors using current AI tools to carry out cyberattacks, scramble bank accounts or shut down power grids, rather than rogue autonomous machines.

“Now, small groups with AI can do what only the biggest countries could do,” Gates said. “So it’s really the bad intent plus AI that looms as a major threat. Unless governments insist on various safeguards, you know, we will see a lot of big, negative things because we’re not safeguarding.”

Trump has pushed back on federal intervention in AI development, writing on Truth Social earlier this month: “WHOEVER WINS AI, WINS! We are leading China, and all others, and will continue to do so.”

Gates emphasized that the U.S. has a history of driving global consensus on safety standards, pointing to past international agreements on aviation safety, environmental policy and nuclear arms.

“And AI is one we’re going to have to go back to this, ‘Hey, humanity is all in this together,’” he said.

His warnings echo concerns across the tech industry and from AI developers themselves. Anthropic whistleblower Jacob Coxon recently warned that “the people building AI earnestly believe that it could kill us all by the end of the decade.”

Top industry executives, including Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei and OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, have also acknowledged the need to manage the speed of development. Amodei wrote in a recent blog post that leading companies should coordinate safety standards internationally while maintaining a competitive advantage over China.

Lawmakers have also pushed for joint rules with foreign powers. Democratic Representative Ro Khanna of California told NBC that Washington and Beijing should set up a joint technical working group, arguing that banning self-improving AI models “should not be controversial.”

“I do believe the United States can lead on a treaty that is both enforceable and verifiable, where we ban recursive, self-improving AI, and we have some monitoring of these frontier labs,” Khanna told the outlet.

Following this week’s summit between Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping, the White House confirmed that the two nations established a working dialogue to assess AI risks, with additional talks planned.

During the NBC interview, Gates also addressed questions about his past ties to convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein after unsealed Justice Department documents renewed attention on their relationship.

“I was told by Jeffrey after I met him that he could help raise billions of dollars for global health — you know, he wouldn’t be paid, he would have no role,” Gates said. “That proved to be a complete dead end. So my spending time with him, like many other people, kind of helped his reputation. You know, that’s very regrettable.”

The Independent is the world’s most free-thinking news brand, providing global news, commentary and analysis for the independently-minded. We have grown a huge, global readership of independently minded individuals, who value our trusted voice and commitment to positive change. Our mission, making change happen, has never been as important as it is today.